Organizational Learning Bibliography

Submitted by: Vasu Ramanujam, Vasudevan.Ramanujam@case.edu
Last Updated: 20th January, 1995

Abelson, R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.

Abernathy, W. J., & Wayne, K. (1974). Limits of the learning curve. Harvard Business Review, 52(5), 109-119.

Alberts, W. W. (1989). The experience curve doctrine reconsidered. Journal of Marketing, 53(3), 36-49.

Alchian, A. (1963). Reliability of progress curves in air-frame production. Econometrica, 31, 679-693.

Aldrich, H. E. (1979). Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Argote, L., Beckman, S., & Epple, D. (1987). The persistence and transfer of learning in industrial settings. Paper presented at the meetings of the Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) and Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), St. Louis, IL.

Argote, L., Beckman, S. L., & Epple, D. (1990). The persistence of transfer of learning in industrial settings. Management Science, 36, 140-154.

Argyris, C. (1974). Behind the front page. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.

Argyris, C. (1976). Single-loop and double-loop models in research in decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 363-375.

Argyris, C. (1976). Theories of action that inhibit individual learning. American Psychologist, 39, 638-654.

Argyris, C. (1977). Double loop learning in organizations. Harvard Business Review, 55(5), 115-125.

Argyris, C. (1982). Reasoning, learning, and action: Individual and organizational. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Argyris, C., & Schon, D. A. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Argyris, C., & Schon, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading: Addison Wesley.

Arrow, K. (1962). Economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies, 29, 155-173.

Ashby, W. R. (1956). Introduction to cybernetics. New York: Wiley.

Asher, H. (1956). Cost-quantity relationship in the airframe industry. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

Astley, W. G., & Van de Ven, A. (1983). Central perspectives and debates in organization theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 245-273.

Badaracco, J. L., Jr. (1991). The knowledge link: How firms compete through strategic alliances. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bales, R. F. (1965). Adaptive and integrative changes as a source of strain in social system. In P. Hare, E. Borgata, & R. Bales (Eds.), Small groups (pp.127-131). New York: Alfred A. Koft.

Balm, G. J. (1992). Benchmarking-nicety of necessity. Tapping the Network Journal.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Barley, S. R. (1988). The social construction of a machine: Ritual, superstition, magical thinking and other pragmatic responses to running a CT scanner. In M. Lock, & D. Gordon (Eds.), Knowledge and practice in medicine. Hingham, MA: Reidel.

Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.

Bazerman, M. H. (1984). The relevance of Kahneman and Tversky's concept of framing to organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 10, 333-343.

Best, M. H. (1990). The new competition. Institutions of industrial restructuring. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Boeker, W. (1988). Organizational origins: Entrepreneurial and environmental imprinting in founding. In G. Carroll (Ed.), Ecological models of organization. New York: Ballinger.

Boeker, W. (1989). Strategic change: the effects of founding and history. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 489-515.

Boston Consulting Group (1972). Perspectives on experience. Boston: Boston Consulting Group.

Bourgeois, E. H. (1984). Strategic management and determinism. Academy of Management Review, 9, 586-596.

Burns, T., & Stalker, G. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock.

Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis. London: Heinemann Educational Books.

Camp, R. C. (1989). Benchmarking: The search for industry best practices that lead to superior performance. Milwaukee: Quality Press.

Congelosi, V. E., & Dill, W. R. (1965). Organizational learning: observations toward a theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 175-203.

Cherry, C. (1966). On human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Crossan, M. M. (1991). Organization learning: A sociocognitive model of strategic management. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Western Ontario.

Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Daft, R. L. (1983). Organization theory and design. New York: West.

Daft, R. L., & Huber, G. P. (1987). How organizations learn: A Communication framework. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 5, 1-36.

Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9, 284-295.

Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.

Daft, R. L., & Macintosh, N. B. (1981). A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 207-224.

Daft, R. L., & Wiginton, J. C. (1979). Language and organization. Academy of Management Review, 4, 179-191.

De Geus, A. P. (1988). Planning as learning. Harvard Business Review, 88(2), 70-74.

Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate culture. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Dery, D. (1982). Erring and learning: An organizational analysis. Accounting, Organizations & Society, 7, 217-223.

Dill, W. R. (1958). Environment as an influence on managerial autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2, 409-443.

Duncan, R. B., & Weiss, A. (1979). Organizational learning: Implications for organizational design. In B. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (pp.75-123). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environment and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 313-327.

Dutton, J., & Duncan, R. (1982). Sense-making and organizational adaptation. Working paper, Northwestern University, J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management.

Dutton, J. M., & Duncan, R. (1983). The creation of momentum for change through process of organizational sensemaking . Unpublished manuscript, Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University.

Dutton, J. M., & Jackson, S. (1987). Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action. Academy of Management Review, 12, 76-90.

Dutton, J. M., & Starbuck, W. H. (1978). Diffusion of an intellectual technology. In Krippendorf, K. (Ed.), Communication and control in society, pp.489-511. New York: Gordon and Breach.

Dutton, J. M., & Thomas, A. (1984). Treating progress functions as managerial opportunities. Academy of Management Review, 9, 235-247.

Eels, R., & Nehemiks, P. (1984). Corporate intelligence and espionage. New York: Macmillan.

Farace, R. V., & McDonald, D. (1974). New directions in the study of organizational communication. Personnel Psychology, 27, 1-19.

Farace, R. B., Monge, P. R., & Russell, H. M. (1977). Communicating and organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Feldman, M. S., & March, J. G. (1981). Information in organizations as signal and symbol. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 171-186.

Fiol, C. M., & Lyles, M. A. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 803-813.

Fuld, L. M. (1985). Competitor intelligence. How to get it; how to use it. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Fuld, L. M. (1988). Monitoring the competition: Find out what's really going on over there. Somerset: John Wiley & Sons.

Galer, G., & van der Heijden, K. (1992). The learning organization: How planners create organizational learning. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 10(6), 5-12.

Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71, 78-91.

Ghemawat, P. (1985). Building strategy on the experience curve. Harvard Business Review, 63, 143-149.

Ghemawat, P. (1986). Sustainable advantage. Harvard Business Review, 64, 53-58.

Gilad, B., & Gilad, T. (1988). The business intelligence system. New York: American Management Association.

Gioia, D. A., & Manz, C.C. (1985). Linking cognition and behavior: A script processing interpretation of vicarious learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 527-539.

Gioia, D. A., & Poole, P. P. (1984). Scripts in organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9, 449-459.

Glazer, R. (1990). Marketing in an information-intensive environment: Strategic implications of knowledge as an asset. Journal of Marketing, 55(October), 1-19.

Graesser, A. C., Woll, S. B., Kowalski, D. J., & Smith, D. A. (1980). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 503-515.

Grandori, A. (1987). Perspectives on organization theory. Cambridge: Harper and Row.

Greene, R. M. (1966). Business intelligence and espionage. Homewood, IL: Dow-Jones Irwin.

Hall, G., & Howell, S. (1985). The experience curve from the economist's perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 197-212.

Hamel, G. (1991). Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 83-103.

Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1989). Strategic intent. Harvard Business Review, 67(3), 63-76.

Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-atributional analysis of stereotyping. In Berkowitz, L.(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.12, pp.53-84). New York: Academic Press.

Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 929-964.

Hansen, G. S., & Wernerfelt, B. (1989). Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 399-411.

Hedberg, B. L. T. (1981). How organizations learn and unlearn. In Nystrom, P. C., & Starbuck, W. H., Handbook of Organizational Design(Vol.I, pp.3-27). New York: Oxford University Press.

Hedberg, B. L. T., Nystorm, P. C., & Starbuck, W. H. (1976). Camping on seesaws: Prescriptions for a self-designing organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 41-65.

Herriott, S. R., Levinthal, D., & March, J. G. (1985). Learning from experience in organizations. American Economic Review, 75, 298-302.

Hrebiniak, L. G., & Joyce, W. F. (1985). Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice and environmental determinism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 336-349.

Huber, G. P. (1982). Organizational information systems: Determinants of their performance and behavior. Management Science, 28, 135-155.

Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2, 88-115.

Huber, G. P., Ullman, J., & Leifer, R. (1979). Optimum organization design: An analytic-adaptive approach.Academy of Management Review, 4, 567-578.

Huff, A. S. (1990). Mapping strategic thought. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Hughes, M. A., Price, R. L, & Mars, D. W. (1986). Linking theory construction and theory testing: Models with multiple indicators of latent variables. Academy of Management Review, 11, 128-44.

Imai, K., Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1985). Managing new product deveopment process: How Japanese companies learn and unlearn. In K. Clark, R. Hayes, & C. Lorentz, C.(Eds.), The uneasy alliance (pp.337-375). Boston: Harvard Graduate School of Business.

Itami, H., & Roehl, T. W. (1987). Mobilizing invisible assets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Jelinek, M. (1979). Institutional innovations: A study of organizations learning systems. New York: Praeger.

Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263- 291.

Kelley, H. H. (1973). The processes of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.

Khandwalla, P. N. (1977). The design of organizations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, NY: New York.

Kimberly, J. R. (1979). Issues in creation of organizations: Initiation, innovation, and institutionalization. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 437-457.

Kimberly, J. R. (1981). Managerial innovation. In N. C. Nystrom, & W. H. Starbuck, Handbook of organizational design (pp.84-104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

King, D. W. (1980). Key papers in the economics of information. New Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications.

Klein, J. I. (1989). Parenthetic learning in organizations: Toward the unlearning of the unlearning model. Journal of Management Studies, 26, 291-308.

Kraut, A. J. (1976). Behavior modeling symposium: Developing managerial skills via modeling techniques. Personnel Psychology, 29, 325-328.

Krone, K. J., Jablin, F. M. & Putnam, L. L. (1987). Communication theory and organizational communication: Multiple perspectives, In F. M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Langer, E. J. (1978). Rethinking the role of thought in social interaction. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol.2, pp.35-58). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (1988). Management information systems. A contemporary perspective. New York: Macmillan.

Lawrence, P. R., & Dyer, D. (1983). Renewing American industry. New York: The Free Press.

Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. (1967). Organization and environment. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

Lengel, R. H. (1983). Managerial information processing and communication-media source selection behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University.

Leonard-Barton, D. (1992). The factory as a learning laboratory. Sloan Management Review, 34(1), 23-38.

Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-340.

Lieberman, M. B. (1989). The learning curve, technological barriers to entry, and competitive survival in the chemical processing industries. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 431-447.

Liebfried, K. H. J., & McNair, C. J. (1992). Benchmarking: A tool for continuous improvement. New York: Harper Business.

Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 19, 78-88.

Lippman, S. A., & Rumelt, R. P. (1982). Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. The Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 418-438.

Loewenstein, G. F. (1988). Frames of mind in intertemporal choice. Management Science, 34, 200-214.

Lord, R. G., & Kernan, M. C. (1987). Scripts as determinants of purposeful behavior in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 12, 265-277.

Lord, R. G., & Smith, J. E. (1983). Theoretical information processing, and situational factors affecting attribution models of organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 8, 50-60.

Lyles, M. A. (1988). Learning among joint-ventures sophisticated firms. Management International Review, 28, 85-98.

Lyles, M. A. (1990). A research agenda for strategic management in the 1990s, Journal of Management Studies, 27, 363-375.

Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P., Jr. (1981). Vicarious learning: The influence of modeling on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 6, 105-113.

March, J. G. (1981). Footnotes to organizational change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 563-577.

March, J. G. (1988). Decisions and organizations. New York: Basil Blackwell.

March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science, 2, 71-87.

March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1975). The uncertainty of the past: Organizational learning under ambiguity. European Journal of Political Research, 3, 147-171.

Martello, W. E. (1993). Scripts as a practical tool for strategic action. Paper presented at the 13th Annual International Conference, Strategic Management Society. IL: Chicago.

McKenna, S. D. (1992). A culture instrument: Driving organizational learning. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 13(6), 24-29.

Meier, R. L. (1963). Communications overload: Proposals from the study of a university library. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4, 521-544.

Meyer, A. D. (1982). Adapting to environmental jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 515-537.

Miller, J. G., De Meyer, A., & Nakane, J. (1992). Benchmarking global manufacturing: Understanding international suppliers, customers, and competitors. Homewood: Business One Irwin.

Mills, D. Q., & Friesen B. (1992). The learning organization. European Management Journal, 10(2), 146-156.

Miner, J. B. (1982). Theories of organizational structure and process. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden.

Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision (pp.211-277). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Morgan, G., & Ramirez, R. (1983). Action learning: A holographic metaphor for guiding social change. Human Relations, 37, 1-28.

Muth, J. F. (1986). Search theory and the manufacturing progress function. Management Science, 32, 948-962.

Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Neustadt, R. E., & May, E. R. (1986). Thinking in time: The uses of history for decision makers. New York: Free Press.

Nonaka, I., & Johansson, J. K. (1985). Organizational learning in Japanese companies. In R. Lamb, & P. Shrivastava, Advances in Strategic Management (vol.3, pp.277-298). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Nystrom, P. C., & Starbuck, W. H. (1984). To avoid organizational crises, unlearn. Organizational Dynamics, 12(4), 53-65.

Pattison, D. D., & Teplitz, C. J. (1989). Are learning curves still relevant? Management Accounting - USA, 70(8), 37-40.

Platt, J. (1973). Social traps. Science, 28, 641-651.

Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension. New York: Doubleday.

Porter, L. W., & Roberts, K. H. (1976). Communications in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette, M. D.(Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press.

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York: Free Press.

Porter, M. E., & Millar, V. E. (1985). How information gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 63, 149-160.

Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68, 79-91.

Pucik, V. (1988). Strategic alliances, organizational learning, and competitive advantage: The HRM agenda. Human Resource Management, 27(1), 77-93.

Puto, C. P. (1987). The framing of buying decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 301-315.

Qualls, W. J., & Puto, C. P. (1989). The framing of buying decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 301-315.

Quinn, J. B. (1980). Strategies for change: Logical incrementalism. Homewood: Irwin.

Randolph, W. A. (1978). Organizational technology and the media purpose dimensions of organization communications. Journal of Business Research, 6, 237-259.

Ready, D. A. (1992). Building transactional partnership in executive learning through applied research. Journal of Management Development, 11(6), 46-52.

Reed, R., & DeFillippi, R. (1990). Causal ambiguity, barriers to imitation, and sustainable competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15, 88-102.

Reimann, B. C. (1982). Organizational competence as a predictor of long run survival and growth. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 323-334.

Rogers, E. M., & Schoemaker, F. F. (1971). Communication of innovations. New York: Free Press.

Rumelt, R. P. (1984). Toward a strategic theory of the firm. In R. Lamb (Ed.), Competitive strategic management (pp.556- 570). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Rumelt, R. P. (1987). Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship. In D. J. Teece (Ed.), The competitive challenge (pp.139-158). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Sabatier, P. (1978). The acquisition and utilization of technical information by administrative agencies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 396-417.

Sammon, W. L, Kurlan, M. A., & Spitalnic, R. (1984). Business competitor intelligence: Methods for collecting, organizing, and using information. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to new awareness of organizational culture. Sloan Management Review, 12(1), 3- 16.

Schon, D. A. (1975). Deutero-learning in organizations - Learning for increased effectiveness. Organizational Dynamics, 4(1), 2-16.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. New York: Harper & Row.

Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline. The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.

Senge, P. M. (1991). Learning organizations. Executive Excellence, 8(9), 7-8.

Senge, P. M. (1992). Mental models. Planning Review, 20(2), 4- 10.

Senge, P. M., & Sterman, J. D. (1992). Systems thinking and organizational learning: Acting locally and thinking globally in the organization of the future. European Journal of Operational Research, 59(1), 137-150.

Shrivastava, P. (1983). A typology of organizational learning systems. Journal of Management Studies, 20(1), 1-28.

Simon, H. A. (1976). Administrative behavior. New York: Free Press.

Simon, H. (1991). Bounded rationality and organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 125-134.

Sims, H. P., & Goia, D. A. (Eds.). (1986). The thinking organizations: Dynamics of organizational social cognition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Smith, G. D., & Steadman, L. E. (1981). Present value of corporate history. Harvard Business Review, 59, 164-173.

Smircich, L. (1983). Concepts of culture in organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 339-358.

Spekman, R. E. (1979). Influence and information: An exploratory investigation of the boundary role person's basis of power. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 104-117.

Spence, A. M. (1981). The learning curve and competition. The Bell Journal of Economics, 12, 49-70.

Spender, J. C. (1993). Competitive advantage from tacit knowledge? Unpacking the concept and its strategic implications. Best Papers Proceedings, Academy of Management 53rd Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.

Starbuck, W. H., Greve, A., & Hedberg, B. (1978). Responding to crisis. Journal of Business Administration, 9, 112-137.

Stata, R. (1989). Organizational learning - The key to management of innovation. Sloan Management Review, 30(3), 63- 74.

Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Staw, B.M. (1977). The experimenting organization: Problems and prospects. In Psychological foundations of organization behavior. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.

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Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tomer, J. F. (1987). Organizational capital: The path to higher productivity and well-being. New York: Praeger.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 2, 453-458.

Ulrich, D., & Lake, D. (1991). Organizational capability: Creating competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 5(1), 77-92.

Valenca Pereira, A. C. (1990). Dialectical perspectives on organizational learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

Van de Ven, A., & Ferry, D. (1979). Measurement and assessment of organizations. New York, NY: John Wiley.

Van Maanen, J., & Schein, E. H. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. M. Straw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol.1, pp.209-264). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: Braziller.

Von Krogh, G. & Roos, J. (1993). Imitation of knowledge: A sociology of knowledge perspective. Paper presented at 13th Strategic Management Society Conference, Chicago.

Walsh, J. P., & Ungson, G. R. (1991). Organizational memory. Academy of Management Review, 16, 57-91.

Watson, G. H. (1993). How process benchmarking supports corporate strategy. Planning Review, 21(1), 12-15.

Weick, K. E. (1979). The social psychology of organizing. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Weick, K. E. (1991). The nontraditional quality of organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 116- 123.

Wiener, N. (1961). Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wiener, Y. (1988). Forms of value systems: A focus on organizational effectiveness and cultural change and maintenance. Academy of Management Review, 13, 534-545.

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Wilensky, H. (1967). Organizational intelligence. New York: Basic Books.

Williamson, O. E. (1979), Transaction cost economics: The governance of contractual relations. Journal of Law and Economics, 22, 233-261.

Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: The Free Press.

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Yelle, L. E. (1979). The learning curve: Historical review and comprehensive survey. Decision Science, 10, 302-328.

Zucker, L. G. (1977). The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. American Sociological Review, 42, 726-743.

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